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Osculum jet speed declined with the increase in the OSA for most species. As a result, and in contrast to former reports, the PR of most of the sponges increased allometrically ( PR= a∑ OSA b) with scaling exponent b≈0.75, whereas PR of tropical HMAs increased isometrically. Osculum flow rate (OFR) also increased allometrically with OSA and oscula of the same size pumped at the same rate irrespective of sponge volume. The total oscula area (∑OSA) increased allometrically with sponge volume (V) exhibiting similar exponents (∑ OSA= aV b, b ranging 0.6–0.7) for all species, except for tropical HMAs ( b = 0.99). To examine how these relationships apply to field populations we measured, in situ, the pumping rate (PR) of 20 species representative of different morphologies and host types (high- and low-microbial-abundance, HMA and LMA) from temperate and tropical regions. Theoretical scaling relationships between sponge volume, osculum cross-sectional area, and pumping rates were recently proposed and confirmed for small sponge specimens in the lab. Sponges play a key role in the transfer of energy and nutrients into many benthic ecosystems, and the volume of water they process is an important regulator of these fluxes. 6Department of Biology, Linfield University, McMinnville, OR, United States.5Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret, Israel.Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 3Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas (CEAB-CSIC), Girona, Spain.2Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.1Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.All this, with a vision of inclusion, impulsing students, entrepreneurs and companies involved with the objective of utilizing more sustainable materials since the change requieres participation of us all.Teresa Maria Morganti 1,2,3 *, Marta Ribes 2, Raz Moskovich 4,5, Jeremy Brian Weisz 6, Gitai Yahel 5 and Rafel Coma 3 *
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Our mission as a company is to be at the forefront of innovation going beyond the needs of the leather goods market, offering high quality materials made with sustainable alternatives. As a result, they were genuinely interested in reducing environmental impact, so they decided to leave their jobs and start Adriano Di Marti, a company to focus on developing Desserto®, which nowadays is known as cactus or nopal vegan leather. Its trade name is Desserto®, and it has competitive features compared to animal or synthetic leather, like sustainability, performance and aesthetics.Īdrian and Marte had the idea after working in the furniture, automotive and fashion industries where they identified that the problem of environmental pollution was very serious.
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With the purpose of creating an alternative to animal leather, Adrián López Velarde and Marte Cázarez, both hailing from Mexico, developed a vegan alternative to leather made with nopal (a cactus), which they successfully showcased last October 2019 in Milan, Italy.Īfter two years of research and development, the creators could finally finish marketable cactus based material as an alternative to leather in July 2019.